This collection of essays explores a wide range of topics current in the field of music theory, including analytical methodologies for pretonal, tonal, and post-tonal music, assessment of notation as a vehicle for interpreting compositional strategies in different repertoires, and employment of approaches informed by cognitive, aesthetic, and ethnomusicological studies of music. Authors reflect critically on challenges within their specific areas of expertise and probe directions in which advances can be made and difficulties overcome. The results of these investigations will benefit readers, from early career researchers to experienced scholars, whose interests not only intersect with the topics presented here but which also encompass broad methodological issues affecting music theory.