This volume looks at how religious identity and symbolic ethnicity influence migration. Religion - Christianity - was an important factor in European transatlantic migrations; religion - Islam - is a major issue in the immigration debate in "post-secular" Germany (and Europe) today. Essays focus on German missionaries and their efforts in the eighteenth century to establish new communal forms of living with Native Americans as religious encounters. In a comparative fashion, Islamic transnational migration into Germany in the twenty-first century is explored in a second group of essays that look at Muslim populations in Germany. They provide an insight into the ongoing discussions in Germany about modern migration and the role of religion. This volume is of interest to all who are engaged in issues of historical and contemporary migration, in Cultural and German Studies.