Microplastic pollution is an increasingly important issue in science, industry, and politics. This book presents global case studies from fields such as materials science, analytical chemistry, toxicology, and public health. It explores the widespread presence of microplastics in the environment and details the methods used for their detection, separation, and identification in complex environmental samples. The book examines the fate and transport of microplastics in wastewater treatment plants and natural ecosystems, providing regional classifications and identifying key sources. It also discusses how microplastics act as vectors for hazardous chemicals and how exposure and co-exposure to these pollutants affect aquatic and terrestrial organisms. By combining diverse scientific perspectives, this book offers a comprehensive understanding of the environmental challenges posed by microplastics and aims to support research, policymaking, and strategies for pollution control and environmental protection.