This book describes systems of calculus, called meta-calculi, that arose from the problem of measuring stock-price performance when taking all intermediate prices into consideration. The meta-calculi provide mathematical tools for use in science, engineering, and mathematics. They appear to have potential for use as alternatives to the classical calculus of Newton and Leibniz. It may well be that they can be used to define new concepts, to yield new or simpler laws, or to formulate or solve problems.