This book's main themes focus on the environmental evolution of Mars and the exploration of the planet. Particular emphasis is given to the understanding of Mars as a "cold" planet throughout its entire geological evolution, starting as a "wet" world where liquid water was abundant on the surface, albeit the low temperatures, and its sequential transition into a "dry" planet as temperatures turned even colder. The evolution of the environmental conditions is regarded as a determinant for the emergence and maintenance of life. The book will give insights into the evolution of a variety of landscapes relating to the geological development of Mars, and their potential to harbour life, including the analysis of relevant terrestrial analogues in Antarctica. Also discussed is the cold hydrogeological evolution of Mars as recorded in the types and sequence of deposition of the aqueous minerals existing in the surface and subsurface of the planet.