This book is all about the definition and finding ways to prioritize and accelerate translation research in biomedical sciences and rapidly turning new knowledge into first-in-human studies. It represents an effort to bring together scientists active in various areas of translational research to share science and, hopefully, generate new ideas and potential collaborations. The book provides a comprehensive overview of translational work that includes significant discoveries and pioneering contributions, e.g., in immunology, gene therapy, stem cells and population sciences. It may be used as an advanced textbook by graduate students and even ambitious undergraduates in biomedical sciences. It is also suitable for non-experts, i.e. medical doctors, who wish to have an overview of some of fundamental models in translational research. Managing the translational enterprise remains a work in progress. The world is changing rapidly, and the scientific world needs to seek new ways to ensure that discoveries get translated for patients efficiently and as quickly as possible.In addition, everyone expects the investment in biomedical research should pay dividends through effective therapeutic solutions. This unique project provides a broad collaborative approach of the international scientific team to present its view and opinion how to cross barriers to incentives for translational research in medical sciences. Contributing to the book is an international team of prominent co-authors. The book consists of unique and widely treated topics, and includes new hypotheses, data and analyses.