Novel electrolytic systems composed from polymer polyethylene oxide are studied in the opening chapter of Liquid and Single Crystals: Properties, Manufacturing and Uses. Being of importance for electrochemical and other applications, the complex electrical impedance spectra and current-voltage characteristics of sodium ion-conductive PEO/E8LC/NaIO4 electrolyte films are analyzed and interrelated to their structural properties and thermal behaviors. Next, the authors discuss the recent development of various synthetic approaches and possibilities for chemical tuning of phosphates crystal growth by application of molten salts flux-growth technique. The X-ray single crystal analysis of self-assembled small peptides and peptide mimetics is examined, and the recent advances and future perspectives in this area are discussed. The authors go on to present a broad overview on the use of the molecular dynamics tool in the simulation of properties for emerging nanostructured materials, with special emphasis on the characterization of their mechanical properties. Heat treatment suitable for the specimen (KCl:Sr2+ single crystal) deformation tests, such as compression and tension, is presented, examined on the basis of the variation of initial dislocation density, the dielectric loss peak due to the divalent impurity-vavancy dipole, and yield stress with a quenching temperature. In conclusion, organic solar cells, which have lateral junctions, fabricated by organic single crystals and organic crystalline films, including the single crystal organic solar cells using lateral electron transport, the lateral alternating donor/acceptor multilayered junctions, and the doped organic single crystal solar cells, are demonstrated.