Can there be an anti-Islamic sentiment in the absence of Islam? Naime Cakir demonstrates that the terrorist attacks of September 11th, 2001 alone fail to explain the growing anti-Islamic prejudice and enemy stereotyping in Deutschland, but, critically, so does the perception that former guest workers have transferred their permanent domicile to the Federal Republic of Germany and now demand to be received as responsible, thereby unsettling the established roles of host and guest for the resident society and immigrants, respectively. The study traces how Islam was rendered the object of official conflicts of recognition, since it required a realignment of the roles inside the societal framework, which necessarily ensured the continued marginalization of the meanwhile established immigrant.