Instrumental Analysis XE
Autor Robert M. Granger, Hank M. Yochum, Jill N. Granger, Karl D. Sienerthen Limba Engleză Paperback – 16 oct 2019
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Specificații
ISBN-13: 9780199942343
ISBN-10: 019994234X
Pagini: 624
Dimensiuni: 279 x 218 x 22 mm
Greutate: 1.27 kg
Editura: Oxford University Press
Colecția OUP USA
Locul publicării:New York, United States
ISBN-10: 019994234X
Pagini: 624
Dimensiuni: 279 x 218 x 22 mm
Greutate: 1.27 kg
Editura: Oxford University Press
Colecția OUP USA
Locul publicării:New York, United States
Recenzii
I like this book's simplicity and the way it addresses its audience of predominantly undergraduate students. They key concepts were presented seamlessly with related topics for typical one-semester undergraduate instrumental analysis courses.
Instrumental Analysis is a much-needed introductory undergraudate textbook. It provides sufficient introductrory information for undergraduates along with crucial emphasis on microscale, nano, portable, and other new instrumetation. This text covers everything, the organization is clear, and the writing is easy to understand.
Instrumental Analysis is a much-needed introductory undergraudate textbook. It provides sufficient introductrory information for undergraduates along with crucial emphasis on microscale, nano, portable, and other new instrumetation. This text covers everything, the organization is clear, and the writing is easy to understand.
Notă biografică
Robert M. Granger, II (Ph.D. Purdue University) is Chair and Professor of Chemistry at Sweet Briar College, where he teaches instrumental analysis and advanced inorganic courses. Jill N. Granger (Ph.D. Purdue University) is Professor of Chemistry at Sweet Briar College, where she teaches analytical chemistry, biochemistry, and chemistry for non-majors courses. Karl Sienerth (Ph.D. University of Tennessee, Knoxville) is Professor of Chemistry at Elon University, where he teaches quantitative analysis, instrumental analysis, and other analytical chemistry courses. Hank Yochum (Ph.D. Wake Forest University) is Associate Professor of Physics and Engineering and the Director of the Margaret Jones Wyllie '45 Engineering Program at Sweet Briar College where he teaches physical chemistry, general physics, optics, circuits, quantum mechanics, and more.
Cuprins
- Preface
- Chapter 1. The Analyst's Toolbox
- Profile - A Scenario
- 1.2 - Introduction
- 1.2 - Ultraviolet - visible Spectroscopy
- 1.3 - Infrared Spectroscopy
- Compare and Contrast - UV-vis vs. FTIR in Quantitative Analysis
- 1.4 - Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometry
- 1.5 - Mass Spectrometry
- Profile - Putting it All Together
- 1.6 - Chromatography
- Profile - Establishing a Forensic Protocol
- 1.7 - Additional Exercises
- Chapter 2. Quantum Mechanics and Spectroscopy
- Profile- The Brain Initiative and everyday spectroscopy
- 2.1- Introduction
- 2.2- The interaction between electromagnetic radiation and matter - absorption and emission of light
- Profile - Erwin Schrödinger
- 2.3- Molecular vibrations lead to quantized energy levels
- Profile - London's Millennium Bridge
- Profile- Mass Dampers
- 2.4- Molecular rotation leads to quantized energy levels
- 2.5- Transitions between vibrational and rotational states -the role of thermal energy and nonradiative decay
- Prelude - The Boltzmann Distribution
- 2.6- Transitions between electronic, vibrational, and rotational states - putting it all together
- The Jablonski diagram
- Fluorescence and Phosphorescence
- 2.7 Energy levels of a proton in a magnetic field - Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy
- 2.8- Additional Exercises
- Chapter 3. An Introduction to Optics
- Profile: The diffraction grating is a key component for many optical instruments
- 3.1 - An Introduction to the Properties of Light
- Wavelength, Energy, and Frequency
- Coherence
- Polarization
- Interference
- Diffraction
- Scattering
- Profile- The photoelectric effect shows the particle nature of light
- 3.2- Controlling optical beams
- Mirrors and Reflection
- Lenses and Refraction
- Collecting and Collimating Light
- Focusing a Collimated Laser Beam
- Polarizers
- 3.3- Wavelength Selection
- Introduction to Prism and Grating Monochromators
- The Diffraction Grating
- Putting it all together- Details on the Grating Monochromator
- Profile- Optics that operate by diffraction- the Fresnel Zone Plate
- The Michelson Interferometer
- Optical Filters and Power Reduction
- 3.4 - Common Optical Materials
- 3.5- Beyond Linear Optics
- Profile- Innovation and discovery in optics - metamaterials hold promise for the perfect lens, invisibility cloaks, and more
- 3.6 - Additional Exercises
- Chapter 4. An Introduction to Instrumental Electronics
- 4.1 - Introduction
- Circuit Symbols
- 4.2 - DC Circuits
- Current, Voltage, and Multimeter Basics
- Series Circuit Elements and the Voltage Divider
- Parallel Circuit Elements and the Current Divider
- The Multimeter
- Voltage and Current Loading Error
- Profile - Electronics for a Very Simple Light Sensing Instrument: Voltage Divider Photoresistor circuit
- 4.3- Capacitors and RC Circuits
- 4.4- AC Circuits
- Ohm's law for AC circuits
- Low-pass, High-pass, Band-pass, and Band Stop Filters
- Activity- RC Filter Spreadsheet Tool
- 4.5 - Operational Amplifiers
- Inverting and Non-inverting op amps
- Summing op amp
- Current to Voltage Amplifier
- The Voltage Follower
- Op Amp Comparator
- Cascading op amps
- A Cascaded Op Amp Example- Instrumentation Op Amp
- Profile- Electronics for an Automatic Titrator: Cascaded Op Amps and the Differentiating Op Amp
- 4.6 - Quick Survey of Components
- Potentiometers
- Diode
- Transistors
- Profile- Electronics for a Simple Absorption Spectrophotometer: Op Amp Circuit as Current to Voltage Amplifier
- Profile- What if you need a constant voltage under varying loads? A basic schematic of a potentiostat
- 4.7 - Analog and Digital Signals
- 4.8 - Additional Exercises
- Chapter 5. Signals and Noise: An Introduction to Signal Processing
- Profile- Spectroscopy of single molecules?
- 5.1 - Introduction to Signals
- 5.2 - Sources and Characteristics of Noise
- 5.3 - Signal to Noise Ratio and Ensemble Averaging
- 5.4- Processing Signals with Hardware and Software
- Analog Filters
- Boxcar averaging with hardware
- Modulating Signals and the Lock-In Amplifier
- Digital Filters
- Rolling average, Boxcar average, Savitzky-Golay Filter, and Fourier Filtering
- 5.5 - Sampling Rates, the Nyquist Frequency, and Aliasing
- 5.6- Analog to Digital Conversion
- 5.7 - Additional Exercises
- Chapter 6. Molecular Ultraviolet and Visible Spectroscopy
- Profile - James Clerk Maxwell
- 6.1 - Introduction
- 6.2 - Electronic Excitation and Molecular Structure
- Structure and "Color"
- Heteroatoms
- DPK - A Case Study
- Solvent Polarity
- Transition Metal Coordination Compounds
- Vibronic Transitions
- Sidebar - The Spectroscopic Series
- 6.3 - Quantitative Measurements
- Selection Rules
- Beer's Law
- Sidebar - Derivation of Beer's Law
- Deviations from Beer's Law
- Bandwidth Resolution
- Activity - Explore the effects on the relationship of A vs. c
- 6.4 - Instrumentation Designs
- Fixed Wavelength Spectrometers
- Profile - HACH DR3900
- Scanning Spectrometers
- Compare and Constrast - Single and Dual Beam Spectrometers
- Array Spectrophotometers
- 6.5 - Monochromators
- 6.6 - Sources
- Deuterium Arc/Tungsten Halogen Bulb
- Xenon Arc Lamps
- Light Emitting Diodes
- Profile - The Jaz® by Ocean Optics
- 6.7 - Detectors
- The PMT
- Photovoltaic Cells
- Charge Coupled Device
- 6.8 - Noise
- Stray Light
- Detector Noise
- Profile - Walter Hermann Schottky
- Source Noise
- 6.9 - Kinetic UV-vis Techniques
- Stop Flow UV-vis
- Flash Photolysis
- Profile - Building a functional monochromator
- 6.10 - Useful Data
- 6.11 - Additional Exercises
- Chapter 7. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
- 7.1- Introduction
- Profile - The Birth of Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS)
- 7.2 - Molecular vs. Atomic Absorption
- Analytical Specificity
- 7.3 - Spectral Bandwidth
- Lifetime Broadening
- Profile - Review of Term Symbols
- Magnetic Field Broadening
- Profile - Lightning over Salty Waters
- Pressure Broadening
- Note - IUPAC nomenclature for pressure broadening.
- Doppler Broadening
- 7.4 -AAS Sources
- The Hollow-Cathode Lamp
- Profile - Nutritional Contents of Breast Milk
- Electrodeless Discharge Lamps
- Activity - Soil Analysis
- 7.5 - Sample Introduction
- Flame - AAS
- The Flame
- The Flame Height
- Electrothermal-AAS/GFAAS
- Flame vs Electrothermal AAS
- Profile- AAS Analysis of Oil
- Hydride - AAS
- Cold Vapor-AAS
- Compare and Contrast - Detection Limit Ranges
- 7.6 - Measuring Atomic Absorption
- Background Correction
- Zeeman Background Correction
- Smith-Hieftje background correction
- Spectral Interference
- Profile-Demystifying the Zeeman Effect
- 7.7 - Sample Preparation
- Acid Digestion
- 7.8 - Performing an AAS analysis
- 7.9 - Additional Exercises
- Chapter 8. Luminescence Spectroscopy
- 8.1 - Introduction
- 8.2 - Theory
- Principles of Fluorescence and Phosphorescence
- Profile - Is your 100 bill real? Find out with time-resolved fluorescence
- Relating fluorescence and molecular structure
- Profile - Fluorescence quenching helps with aerodynamics
- 8.3 -The Fluorescence Spectrometer
- Excitation sources
- Wavelength discrimination and instrument resolution
- Detectors
- Putting it all together- Walking through the luminescence system
- Excitation spectra
- Sample introduction
- Profile- Fluorescence pushes the limits of detection- single molecule detection and femtomolar concentrations
- 8.4- Challenges with Fluorescence Spectroscopy
- Detector response correction
- Source intensity correction
- Stray light contamination
- Challenges with high absorbance
- Photobleaching
- 8.5 -Additional Fluorescence based techniques
- Chemiluminescence
- Fluorescence polarization
- Resonance energy transfer spectroscopy
- Multiphoton excitation
- 8.6 - Additional Exercises
- Profile - Using fluorescence to determine concentrations of DNA and RNA
- Chapter 9. Atomic Emission Spectroscopy
- 9.1 - Introduction
- Profile - Get The Lead Out
- 9.2 - The Atomizer and the Excitation Source
- Profile - Columbia
- Inductively Coupled Plasma Torch
- Direct Current Plasma Source
- Profile - The Plasma Torch
- Microwave Induced Plasma Source
- Profile - Atmospheric MP-AES
- Profile - LIBS in Space
- Laser Ablation
- Profile- Visualizing a Plasma
- 9.3 - Sample Introduction
- Applications
- Sources AAS vs. AES
- Sample preparation and interferences
- Zeeman Background Correction
- 9.4 - Measuring Atomic Emission
- Compare and Contrast FAAS, GFAAS and ICP-AES
- 9.5- Additional Exercises
- Chapter 10. Infrared Spectroscopy
- 10.1 -Chemical Structure and Molecular Vibrations
- Profile - The Future of FTIR
- Wavenumbers
- Group Frequencies
- Normal Modes
- Vibrational Categories
- Profile - Olive Oil
- The Selection Rules and Molecular Symmetry
- Vibronic Coupling
- 10.2 - Time Domain vs. Frequency Domain Spectroscopy: The Fourier Transformation
- Activity: Creating a Beat Pattern
- Activity: Performing a Fourier Transform
- 10.3 -FTIR and Wavelength Discrimination
- The Michelson Interferometer
- Resolution
- Activity: Exploring Resolution
- 10.4 -Sources
- The Nernst Glower
- The Globar
- Coiled Wire Sources
- Solid State Sources
- 10.5 -Detectors
- Thermal Detectors
- Pyroelectric Detectors
- Profile- PZT Ceramics
- Photoconductive Detectors
- Profile- MCT Detectors
- Quantum Well Detectors
- 10.6 -Spectral Output
- Transmittance vs. Absorbance
- Quantitative Measurements and Deviations from Beer's Law
- 10.7- Developments; Two Dimensional Infrared Spectroscopy
- 10.8 - Sample Introduction
- Optical Materials
- Gasses
- Solution IR Spectroscopy
- Neat Liquids
- Solids
- ATR
- Compare and Contrast: UV-vis versus FTIR in Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis
- 10.9 - Useful Data
- 10.10- Additional Exercises
- Chapter 11. Raman Spectroscopy
- Profile - Raman Applications in Art and Medicine
- 11.1 -Introduction
- Rayleigh Scattering
- 11.2 - Theory of Raman Scattering
- Selection Rules
- Case Study - Vibrations in the linear molecule CO2
- Case Study- Raman spectroscopy of a tetrahedral molecule; CCl4
- 11.3 -The Raman Spectrometer
- Instrument Basics
- Radiant Source
- Wavelength Discrimination and Raman
- Spectrometer Resolution
- Filters
- Detectors
- Compare and Contrast - A side-by-side evaluation of FTIR and Raman spectroscopy.
- Handheld Raman Analyzers
- Profile - Drug detection using commercial handheld Raman spectrometers
- Fiber optic probes
- 11.4- Additional Raman based techniques
- Raman Imaging
- Polarized Raman Spectroscopy
- Fourier Transform Raman Spectroscopy (FT-Raman)
- Surface enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS)
- Profile - Using Raman spectroscopy to identify compounds from a distance
- 11.5 - Additional Exercises
- Chapter 12. Mass Spectrometry
- 12.1 - Basic Principles and Comparisons to an Optical Spectrophotometer
- Profile - Puffer MS
- 12.2 - Ion sources
- Electron Ionization
- Profile - J. J. Thomson
- Chemical Ionization
- Electrospray Ionization
- Profile - John Fenn
- Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization
- Secondary Ion
- Thermal Ionization
- Inductively Coupled Plasma
- Compare and Contrast - Elemental Methods
- Profile - TOF-MS in Space
- 12.3 - Mass Analyzers
- Sector and Double-focusing
- Profile - Eugen Goldstein Quadrupole
- Profile - R. Graham Cooks
- Time-of-flight
- FT Ion Cyclotron Resonance
- 12.4 - Detectors
- Activity - Selected Ion Game
- 12.5 - Additional Techniques
- Tandem Techniques
- Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry
- Accelerator Mass Spectrometry
- Profile - 10Be as a Geological Clock
- Profile - Human Scent Fingerprinting
- 12.6 - Additional Exercises
- Advanced Exercises
- Chapter 13. An Introduction to Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
- 13.1 - Introduction
- Profile - NMR versus HIV
- Spectral Analysis - A Quick Review
- 13.2 - NMR Spectroscopy is all about the Nucleus
- Nuclear Quantum Numbers
- A Nucleus in a Magnetic Field
- Tesla vs. MHz
- 13.3 - The NMR Signal
- Compare and Contrast - Population distribution for common spectroscopic methods
- Profile - Felix Bloch
- 13.4 - The RF Pulse: Inducing nuclear magnetic resonance
- FT-NMR: Time Domain vs. Frequency Domain Spectroscopy and The Fourier Transformation
- Free Induction Decay (FID): The FT-NMR "Beat Pattern"
- 13.5 - Chemical Shift and Resolution
- Profile - Richard R. Ernst
- The Chemical Shift (ppm)
- Chemical Shift Reference
- Resolution
- 13.6 - The Instrument
- Shimming
- Loading
- 13.7 - Signal Processing
- Increasing the signal to noise ratio
- Profile - Angela Gronenborn
- 13.8 - Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Profile - MRI and Brain Concussion
- Texts
- On Line Resources
- Some interesting laboratory experiments
- 13.9 - Additional Exercises
- Chapter 14. Liquid Chromatography
- 14.1 - Introduction
- Profile- Mikhail S. Tswett
- 14.2 - Theory
- Distribution Equilibrium
- Profile - Other Applications of Partition Coefficients
- Principles of Chromatography
- Activity: TLC at home
- The Retention Factor
- Resolution and Theoretical Plates
- Band Broadening
- 14.3 - Basic Method Development
- Thermodynamics and Kinetics Factors
- Isocratic vs. Gradient
- Profile: The Role of Temperature
- Qualitative vs. Quantitative
- Profile: Analysis of Wine - Qualitative and Quantitative
- 14.4 - Stationary Phase Materials and Modes of Separation
- Profile: LC-MS in Athletic Doping
- Normal Phase
- Reversed Phase
- Ion Exchange
- Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography (HIC)
- Affinity
- Chiral Chromatography
- Profile - The Chiral Medicine Cabinet
- Size Exclusion
- 14.5 - Instrumentation
- Overview
- HPLC Components
- Profile -Ultrahigh Pressure LC
- Mobile Phase
- Columns
- Injectors
- Pumps
- Detectors
- Profile- Major Players, the Chromatography Industry
- 14.7 - Additional Exercises
- Chapter 15. Gas Chromatography
- Profile - Odorants, Pheromones, and Chemosignals
- 15.1 - Introduction
- Profile - Gas Chromatography on Mars
- 15.2 - Basic GC Instrument Design
- 15.3 - Method Development: a case study
- A Case Study - Peanut Butter
- Profile - The NIST 14 Gas Chromatography (GC) Library with Search Software
- 15.4 - Modes of Separation
- Isothermal vs. Temperature gradients
- The Column
- 15.5 - Carrier Gas and Injector
- Carrier Gases
- 15.6 - Detectors
- Ionizing Detectors
- Optical Detectors
- Thermal Conductivity Detectors
- Electrochemical Detectors
- Tandem Instrument Detection
- Quantitative and Qualitative Considerations
- 15.7 - New Developments and Directions in GC
- Multidimensional GC Techniques
- Profile - Breath and Air Quality
- Miniaturization, Portability, Speed, and Throughput
- 15.8 - Extended Theory
- Evaluation of the GC Separation
- The Relationship between VN, k, and Selectivity
- The General Elution Problem
- 15.9 - Useful Information
- Table 16.3 - GC column Manufacturers
- 15.10 - Additional Exercises
- Chapter 16. Electrophoresis
- 16.1 - Introduction
- Profile - The Father of Electrophoresis
- 16.2 - Fundamental Principles
- 16.3 - The Basic Apparatus
- Profile - DNA Markers
- 16.4 - Paper Electrophoresis
- Activity -Demystifying Electrophoresis: Build Your Own Electrophoresis Apparatus
- 16.5 - Gel Electrophoresis
- Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE)
- SDS PAGE
- Agarose Gel Electrophoresis
- 16.6 - Ending the Analysis: The Time Factor
- 16.7 - Gel Sample Detection
- Visualization
- Blotting
- Quantitative Electrophoresis
- 16.8 - Enhancing Resolution
- Disc Electrophoresis
- Isoelectric Focusing
- 2D Gel Electrophoresis Techniques
- Profile - 2D Success
- 16.9 - Capillary Electrophoresis
- Profile - Capillary Electrophoresis and the Human Genome Project
- Introduction to Capillary Electrophoresis
- The Instrument
- Separation Efficiency
- Electroosmotic Flow
- Sample Loading and Throughput
- Dynamic Coating
- Detection
- Recent Developments in CE
- Compare and Contrast: A look back at four different separation techniques
- 16.10 - Useful Data
- Table 16.1 - Polyacrylamide Gel Separation Ranges
- Table 16.2 - Stains for Gels
- 16.11 - Additional Exercises
- Chapter 17. Potentiometry and Probes
- 17.1 -Basic Principles: Probes and Biosensors
- Profile- Handheld water quality probe
- 17.2 - Potentiometric Probes
- Profile - The Standard Hydrogen Electrode
- The pH Probe
- Profile - Nano-scale pH probe for in-vivo use
- The Nitrate Probe
- Profile - Construction of a Salicylate ISE
- The Oxygen Probe
- 17.3 - Non-potentiometric probes
- The Dissolved Oxygen
- The Chloride Probe
- The Total Salinity Probe
- 17.4 - Probes for Measurements in the Human Body
- The Glucose Probe - a Biosensor
- Profile- The Number of Adults Treated for Diabetes Doubled in a Decade
- The Alcohol Fuel Cell Probe
- Profile - "Smart" Toilets
- 17.5 - Additional Exercises
- Chapter 18: Statistical Data Analysis
- 18.1-Introduction
- 18.2 -Types of Error
- Gross Error
- Systematic Error
- Random Error
- 18.3 -Precision vs. Accuracy
- 18.4 -Statistical Tools
- Population vs. Sample
- Mean
- Standard Deviation and Variance
- Standard Error and Error Bars.
- Normal Distributions
- Confidence Limits
- Using Spreadsheets to Determine Confidence Limits
- Propagation of Error
- Data Sets
- Identifying Outliers: The Q-Test
- Identifying Outliers: The Grubb's Test
- Analyzing Variance: The F-Test
- ANOVA: A 2-Dimenstional F-Test
- 18.5 -Linear Regression Analysis
- 18.6 -LOD, LOQ, and LDR
- 18.7 - Additional Exercises
- Index