Low oxygenation levels are a hallmark of numerous pathologic conditions. Hypoxia occurs in chronic diseases of brain, kidneys and liver. Malignant tumours grow rapidly with insufficient vasculature, thereby producing areas of chronic hypoxia. This book contains contributions from an international group of authors covering a wide range of situations in benign as well as malignant diseases, in which understanding the role of hypoxia may lead to novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. These include modulation of tissue oxygenation as well as treatment concepts directed specifically at hypoxic cells.