High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has emerged as the most powerful and versatile separation and analytical method. This book covers not only the conventional HPLC techniques but also the new developments, novel separation modes, column technology, as well as procedures and practices, particularly the advanced applications of HPLC in the fields of pharmaceutical, clinical, bioanalytical and food sciences. An in-depth discussion of separation mechanisms and characteristics of stationary and mobile phases is well-blended with practical method development and validation. Practical and pragmatic approaches and actual examples for rapid and effective development of fast, selective, accurate and reliable HPLC methods are provided. This book consists of eleven chapters. The first chapter explains the basic principles of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC), an appealing alternative HPLC separation mode for separating polar compounds along with the properties of HILIC stationary and mobile phases. The technical aspects and the applications as well as actual HILIC method development are illustrated. The second chapter describes recent progress in HPLC column technology. The advantages and disadvantages of sub-2 µm porous particles, solid core particles and monolithic columns over the conventional columns are discussed in terms of the separation efficiency, speed, resolution and applications. Chapters Three to Eleven are devoted to advanced applications of modern HPLC including RP-HPLC, NP-HPLC, Ion chromatography, HILIC, LC-MS/MS in pharmaceuticals, clinical, biomarkers, dietary supplements, food analysis and dye examination in archeological textiles.