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Hierarchy in the Forest de Christopher Boehm

Hierarchy in the Forest

Autor Christopher Boehm
en Limba Engleză Paperback – 2 noi 2001

Observăm în Hierarchy in the Forest o contribuție fundamentală pentru studenții și cercetătorii în antropologie politică și biologie evolutivă, fiind o resursă esențială pentru înțelegerea mecanismelor de putere care fundamentează structurile sociale. Christopher Boehm atacă frontal dihotomia clasică dintre natură și cultură, investigând dacă specia noastră este, prin definiție, ierarhică sau egalitară. Analiza sa extinde cadrul propus de The Egalitarians - Human and Chimpanzee cu date noi din observații sistematice asupra primatelor și societăților de vânători-culegători, demonstrând că flexibilitatea noastră politică ne permite să oscilăm între despotism și egalitate radicală. Descoperim aici o perspectivă rece și lipsită de romantism asupra societăților tribale. Autorul argumentează convingător că egalitarismul nu este o stare de grație naturală, ci rezultatul unei lupte active: o „ierarhie de jos în sus” unde subordonații folosesc sancțiuni sociale — de la critică la execuție — pentru a suprima tendințele de dominare ale potențialilor tirani. Spre deosebire de Human Hierarchies, care se concentrează pe universalitatea clasamentelor sociale, Boehm pune accent pe mecanismele de rezistență care au permis supraviețuirea democrației. Stilul narativ este precis, ancorat în etnografie comparată, oferind o structură logică ce urmărește evoluția de la segmentele tribale la complexitatea guvernelor actuale. Este o lectură care recalibrează înțelegerea selecției naturale în contextul comportamentului politic uman.

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Specificații

ISBN-13: 9780674006911
ISBN-10: 0674006917
Pagini: 304
Dimensiuni: 162 x 234 x 21 mm
Greutate: 0.44 kg
Ediția:Revised
Editura: Harvard University Press

De ce să citești această carte

Această carte este indispensabilă pentru cei care studiază științele politice, sociologia sau antropologia, oferind o explicație biologică solidă pentru apariția democrației. Cititorul va înțelege cum mecanismele de control social au modelat moralitatea umană și altruismul. Christopher Boehm demonstrează că dorința de libertate nu este doar un concept filozofic, ci o strategie de supraviețuire evolutivă bine documentată în istoria speciei noastre.

Descriere

Are humans by nature hierarchical or egalitarian? Hierarchy in the Forest addresses this question by examining the evolutionary origins of social and political behavior. Christopher Boehm, an anthropologist whose fieldwork has focused on the political arrangements of human and nonhuman primate groups, postulates that egalitarianism is in effect a hierarchy in which the weak combine forces to dominate the strong. The political flexibility of our species is formidable: we can be quite egalitarian, we can be quite despotic. Hierarchy in the Forest traces the roots of these contradictory traits in chimpanzee, bonobo, gorilla, and early human societies. Boehm looks at the loose group structures of hunter-gatherers, then at tribal segmentation, and finally at present-day governments to see how these conflicting tendencies are reflected. Hierarchy in the Forest claims new territory for biological anthropology and evolutionary biology by extending the domain of these sciences into a crucial aspect of human political and social behavior. This book will be a key document in the study of the evolutionary basis of genuine altruism. Table of Contents: The Question of Egalitarian Society Hierarchy and Equality Putting Down Aggressors Equality and Its Causes A Wider View of Egalitarianism The Hominoid Political Spectrum Ancestral Politics The Evolution of Egalitarian Society Paleolithic Politics and Natural Selection Ambivalence and Compromise in Human Nature References Index Reviews of this book: This well-written book, geared toward an audience with background in the behavioral and evolutionary sciences but accessible to a broad readership, raises two general questions: 'What is an egalitarian society?' and 'How have these societies evolved?'...[Christopher Boehm] takes the reader on a journey from the Arctic to the Americas, from Australia to Africa, in search of hunter-gatherer and tribal societies that emanate the egalitarian ethos--one that promotes generosity, altruism and sharing but forbids upstartism, aggression and egoism. Throughout this journey, Boehm tantalizes the reader with vivid anthropological accounts of ridicule, criticism, ostracism and even execution--prevalent tactics used by subordinates in egalitarian societies to level the social playing field...Hierarchy in the Forest is an interesting and thought-provoking book that is surely an important contribution to perspectives on human sociality and politics. --Ryan Earley, American Scientist Reviews of this book: Combing an exhaustive ethnographic survey of human societies from groups of hunter-gatherers to contemporary residents of the Balkans with a detailed analysis of the behavioral attributes of non-human primates (chimpanzees, gorillas, bonobos), Boehm focuses on whether humans are hierarchical or egalitarian by nature...[Boehm's hypotheses] are invariably intriguing and well documented...He raises topics of wide interest and his book should get attention. --Publishers Weekly Boehm has been the first to look at egalitarianism with a cold, unromantic eye. He sees it as a victory over hierarchical tendencies, which are equally marked in our species. I would predict that his insightful examination will reverberate within anthropology and the social sciences as well as among biologists interested in the evolution of social systems. --Frans de Waal, Emory University Hierarchy in the Forest is an original and stimulating contribution to thinking about the origins of egalitarianism. I personally find Boehm's ideas convincing, but whether one agrees with him or not, he has formulated his hypotheses in such a way that this book is likely to set the terms of the discussion for the forseeable future. --Barbara Smuts, University of Michigan The most unique and interesting feature of this clear, well written book is the way Boehm links the study of nonhuman primates (particularly chimpanzees) to traditional concepts of political anthropology. As a political scientist, I was intrigued by Boehm's suggestion that democracy, both ancient and modern, could be understood as the expression of the same natural dispositions that support the egalitarianism of nomadic bands and sedentary tribes. I expect that many scholars in biology, anthropology, and the social sciences would learn from this stimulating book. Even those who disagree with Boehm's arguments are likely to be provoked in instructive ways. --Larry Arnhart, Northern Illinois University Chris Boehm boldly and cogently attacks a whole orthodoxy in anthropology which sees hunter-gatherer 'egalitarianism' as somehow the basic form of human society. No praise can be too high for Boehm's brilliant and courageous book. --Robin Fox, Rutgers University