This book provides research on the geological formation of glaciers, as well as the effects of climate change to glaciers. The first chapter reviews recent and old applications of first principles physics to the modelling of glaciers and ice sheets. Chapter Two focuses on the physical-geographical factors of the development and evolution of the Debeli Manet glacier in Montenegro. Chapter Three studies high altitude temperature changes in the Tropical Andes over the last 15,000 years. Chapter Four summarizes the current knowledge of the biodiversity and ecology of microbial communities from glaciers. Chapter Five presents the results of investigations of mountain glaciers within the southeastern part of Russian Altai (SE Altai). The last chapter reports a continuation of direct field investigations, aiming to reveal whether supraglacial debris effect is increasing or decreasing in mass balance and glacier evolution with the course of time.