Game theory is the research field to analyse the whole system as a group of many components interacting with each other. Considering the terms in game theory, the idea could be mapped into human's rationality in social science or the forces of nature affecting all of natural phenomenon in fundamental level, and the relationship could be described with many sub-theories of game theory like non-co-operative game or co-operative game. Most of events and situations could be projected by the eye of game theory on the aspect that there always exist conflicts and co-operation on the interactions in them. Game theory was originated form economics, one of social science, but it applies to not just social system but also the realm of nature. For example we could see the molecular world of materials with game theoretic viewpoint. Molecules in material are connected or interacted with each other by several different kinds of physical forces like metallic bond, ionic bond, van der Waals forces, etc. This book provides leading-edge research from around the world on this field.