A variety of industries—information technology, aerospace, automotive, biomedical, and basic and new materials manufacturing—need technological innovations, which attain high-value-added and high-quality products and at the same time environmental consciousness and regulations in a multi-billion-dollar market. The physical, chemical, and electronic properties and performance of basic and new materials as backbone of our society generally depend on their micro/nanostructure, i.e., mainly on the arrangement of internal interfaces such as grain boundaries and interphase boundaries. This is, in particular, the case when the size of related building blocks is reduced to the nanoscale. This book covers interface engineering, non-equilibrium thermodynamics, nanotechnology, and space science in a comprehensive manner and gives an outlook to future developments.