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Franz Joseph Gall: Naturalist of the Mind, Visionary of the Brain de Stanley Finger

Franz Joseph Gall: Naturalist of the Mind, Visionary of the Brain

Autor Stanley Finger, Paul Eling
en Limba Engleză Hardback – 13 iun 2019

Suntem de părere că reevaluarea figurilor istorice controversate este esențială pentru înțelegerea fundamentelor medicinei moderne. În Franz Joseph Gall, Stanley Finger și Paul Eling propun o analiză clinică și istorică riguroasă a omului adesea redus eronat la pseudostiința frenologiei. Găsim în această lucrare o demonstrație a modului în care Gall, un medic-savant serios, a încercat să elimine metafizica din studiul minții, punând bazele localizării funcțiilor cerebrale.

Apreciem structura celor 20 de capitole care nu se limitează la biografie, ci investighează contextul neuroștiințific al anilor 1790. Deși Gall a acordat o importanță disproporționată trăsăturilor craniene, volumul evidențiază utilizarea inovatoare a studiilor comparative între specii și a observațiilor pe creiere cu leziuni. Această abordare metodologică îl plasează pe Gall mai degrabă în rândul biologilor și antropologilor vizionari decât al șarlatanilor.

Franz Joseph Gall reprezintă o alternativă academică la Brain, Mind, and the External Signs of Intelligence de Bernard Hollander pentru rezidenții în neurologie și istoricii medicinei, având avantajul unei perspective critice moderne care distinge clar între erorile interpretative ale epocii și intuițiile geniale despre cortex. Lucrarea se integrează organic în opera lui Stanley Finger, continuând explorarea intersecției dintre știință și cultură începută în Mark Twain, Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes, and the Head Readers. Dacă în lucrările anterioare Finger analiza percepția publică a frenologiei, aici se concentrează pe rigoarea anatomică și pe efortul de sistematizare a neuropsihologiei clinice, oferind o resursă fundamentală pentru înțelegerea evoluției conceptului de 'creier moral' sau social.

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Specificații

ISBN-13: 9780190464622
ISBN-10: 0190464623
Pagini: 584
Dimensiuni: 257 x 180 x 41 mm
Greutate: 1.23 kg
Editura: Oxford University Press
Colecția OUP USA
Locul publicării:New York, United States

De ce să citești această carte

Această monografie este esențială pentru neurologi, psihiatri și studenți la medicină care doresc să înțeleagă rădăcinile localizaționismului cerebral. Cititorul câștigă o perspectivă nuanțată asupra modului în care o teorie parțial eronată a stimulat cercetarea anatomică modernă. Este o recomandare certă pentru cei interesați de istoria ideilor medicale și de modul în care neuroștiința a început să explice diferențele individuale de comportament.

Despre autor

Stanley Finger este un istoric proeminent al neuroștiințelor, profesor de psihologie la Washington University și editor senior al Journal of the History of the Neurosciences. Expertiza sa este recunoscută la nivel internațional, fiind primul președinte al Societății Internaționale pentru Istoria Neuroștiințelor. În Franz Joseph Gall, Finger își folosește vasta experiență în cercetarea istoriei medicale pentru a contextualiza viața și doctrina lui Gall, reflectând aceeași rigoare academică prezentă și în alte lucrări de referință ale sale, precum Origins of Neuroscience.

Descriere

Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828) was always a controversial figure, as was his doctrine, later called phrenology. Although often portrayed as a discredited buffoon, who believed he could assess a person's strengths and weaknesses by measuring cranial bumps, he was, in fact, a serious physician-scientist, who strove to answer timely questions about the mind, brain, and behavior. In many ways a remarkable visionary, his seminal ideas would become tenets of modern behavioral neuroscience. Among other things, he was the first scientist to promote publicly the idea of specialized cortical areas for diverse higher functions, while taking metaphysics out of his new science of mind. Moreover, although he obviously placed too much emphasis on "tell-tale" skull features (mistakenly believing that the cranium faithfully reflects the features of underlying brain areas), he fully understood the strength of "convergent operations," conducting neuroanatomical, developmental, cross-species, gender-comparison, and brain-damage studies on both humans and animals in his attempts to unravel the mysteries of brain organization. Rather than looking upon Gall's "organology" as one of science's great mistakes, this book provides a fresh look at the man and his doctrine. The authors delve into his motives, what was known about the brain during the 1790s, and the cultural demands of his time. Gall is rightfully presented as an early-19th-century biologist, anthropologist, philosopher, and physician with an inquisitive mind and a challenging agenda--namely, how to account for species and individual differences in behavior. In this well-researched book, readers learn why, starting as a young physician in Vienna and continuing his life's work in Paris, he chose to study the mind and the brain, why he employed his various methods, why he relied so heavily on cranial features, and why he wrote what he did in his books. Frequently using Gall's own words, they show his impact in various domains, including his approach to the insane and criminals, before concluding with his final illness and more lasting legacy.

Recenzii

I must say that I absolutely enjoyed and wholeheartedly recommend Stanley Finger and Paul Eling's Franz Joseph Gall: Naturalist of the Mind, Visionary of the Brain ... .It is also more than just a biography. Rather, it is a detailed snapshot of the scientific, philosophical, and even theological thinking, as well as of the prevailing social conditions - as they relate to science - at the end of the 18th century.
[This book is] something special, and deserves to be carefully read, pondered, and added to the literature on psychology's origins and establishment. The authors present beautiful evidence that as they put it, "... Gail is still with us today, knowing that how he shaped many modern disciplines has largely been forgotten".
The beauty of this book is that it is so packed with information that you can spend months following the paths of Gall's ideas for the past 200 years.
In this voluminous 564-page book, the authors go beyond the story of a life and present a real history of the origins of neuroscience, in particular, neuropsychology, in 20 information-dense chapters that remain highly readable ... The result is not only a biography of Franz Joseph Gall but also a research tool.

Notă biografică

Stanley Finger received his PhD from Indiana University and has been on the faculty of Washington University in St. Louis since that time. His is currently Professor Emeritus in the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences at Washington University, and affiliated with the school's History of Medicine Program. His focus has been on the history of the neurosciences, notably brain and behavior, electric fishes in the history of neurophysiology, Benjamin Franklin's medicine, and how the neurosciences have long been reflected in the arts (e.g., painting, literature, and music). He has served as the editor of the Journal of the History of the Neurosciences for 20 years; was the first President of the International Society for the History of the Neurosciences; and has received many honors, including the latter society's lifetime achievement award in 2016. Paul Eling studied Psychology at the Catholic University Nijmegen (currently: Radboud University), specializing in cognitivepsychology and finishing his dissertation, titled 'Studies on laterality: Controversial issues in the approach of hemisphere specialization' in 1983. After working for 2 years as a post-doc on an aphasia project at the Max Planck Institut fur Psycholinguistik in Nijmegen, he returned to the university, becoming an assistant professor at the department of Biopsychology, and later an associate professor, teaching neuropsychology. He was involved in a broad range of research projects, examining primarily cognitive disorders following brain lesions. Apart from publishing scientific papers, he was involved as author and editor of a series of books, including textbooks in the area of neuropsychology and neuropsychiatry and books on topics from the history of the neurosciences. In addition, he has always had a great interest in the history of the neurosciences, has been a member of the International Society of the History of the Neurosciences, acted twice as Chairman of this Society and is currentlyeditor of the Journal of the History of the Neurosciences.