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Foundations of Geometry de Gerard A. Venema

Foundations of Geometry

Autor Gerard A. Venema
en Limba Engleză Paperback – 30 iun 2011
Normal 0 false false false Foundations of Geometry, Second Edition is written to help enrich the education of all mathematics majors and facilitate a smooth transition into more advanced mathematics courses. The text also implements the latest national standards and recommendations regarding geometry for the preparation of high school mathematics teachers and encourages students to make connections between their college courses and classes they will later teach. This text's coverage begins with Euclid's "Elements," lays out a system of axioms for geometry, and then moves on to neutral geometry, Euclidian and hyperbolic geometries from an axiomatic point of view, and then non-Euclidean geometry. Good proof-writing skills are emphasized, along with a historical development of geometry. The Second Edition streamlines and reorganizes material in order to reach coverage of neutral geometry as early as possible, adds more exercises throughout, and facilitates use of the open-source software Geogebra. This text is ideal for an undergraduate course in axiomatic geometry for future high school geometry teachers, or for any student who has not yet encountered upper-level math, such as real analysis or abstract algebra. It assumes calculus and linear algebra as prerequisites."
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Specificații

ISBN-13: 9780136020585
ISBN-10: 0136020585
Pagini: 389
Dimensiuni: 201 x 251 x 15 mm
Greutate: 0.66 kg
Ediția:2
Editura: Addison Wesley Longman

Cuprins

1. Prologue: Euclid's Elements 1.1 Geometry before Euclid 1.2 The logical structure of Euclid's Elements 1.3 The historical significance of Euclid's Elements 1.4 A look at Book I of the Elements 1.5 A critique of Euclid's Elements 1.6 Final observations about the Elements 2. Axiomatic Systems and Incidence Geometry 2.1 The structure of an axiomatic system 2.2 An example: Incidence geometry 2.3 The parallel postulates in incidence geometry 2.4 Axiomatic systems and the real world 2.5 Theorems, proofs, and logic 2.6 Some theorems from incidence geometry 3. Axioms for Plane Geometry 3.1 The undefined terms and two fundamental axioms 3.2 Distance and the Ruler Postulate 3.3 Plane separation 3.4 Angle measure and the Protractor Postulate 3.5 The Crossbar Theorem and the Linear Pair Theorem 3.6 The Side-Angle-Side Postulate 3.7 The parallel postulates and models 4. Neutral Geometry 4.1 The Exterior Angle Theorem and perpendiculars 4.2 Triangle congruence conditions 4.3 Three inequalities for triangles 4.4 The Alternate Interior Angles Theorem 4.5 The Saccheri-Legendre Theorem 4.6 Quadrilaterals 4.7 Statements equivalent to the Euclidean Parallel Postulate 4.8 Rectangles and defect 4.9 The Universal Hyperbolic Theorem 5. Euclidean Geometry 5.1 Basic theorems of Euclidean geometry 5.2 The Parallel Projection Theorem 5.3 Similar triangles 5.4 The Pythagorean Theorem 5.5 Trigonometry 5.6 Exploring the Euclidean geometry of the triangle 6. Hyperbolic Geometry 6.1 The discovery of hyperbolic geometry 6.2 Basic theorems of hyperbolic geometry 6.3 Common perpendiculars 6.4 Limiting parallel rays and asymptotically parallel lines 6.5 Properties of the critical function 6.6 The defect of a triangle 6.7 Is the real world hyperbolic? 7. Area 7.1 The Neutral Area Postulate 7.2 Area in Euclidean geometry 7.3 Dissection theory in neutral geometry 7.4 Dissection theory in Euclidean geometry 7.5 Area and defect in hyperbolic geometry 8. Circles 8.1 Basic definitions 8.2 Circles and lines 8.3 Circles and triangles 8.4 Circles in Euclidean geometry 8.5 Circular continuity 8.6 Circumference and area of Euclidean circles 8.7 Exploring Euclidean circles 9. Constructions 9.1 Compass and straightedge constructions 9.2 Neutral constructions 9.3 Euclidean constructions 9.4 Construction of regular polygons 9.5 Area constructions 9.6 Three impossible constructions 10. Transformations 10.1 The transformational perspective 10.2 Properties of isometries 10.3 Rotations, translations, and glide reflections 10.4 Classification of Euclidean motions 10.5 Classification of hyperbolic motions 10.6 Similarity transformations in Euclidean geometry 10.7 A transformational approach to the foundations 10.8 Euclidean inversions in circles 11. Models 11.1 The significance of models for hyperbolic geometry 11.2 The Cartesian model for Euclidean geometry 11.3 The Poincare disk model for hyperbolic geometry 11.4 Other models for hyperbolic geometry 11.5 Models for elliptic geometry 11.6 Regular Tessellations 12. Polygonal Models and the Geometry of Space 12.1 Curved surfaces 12.2 Approximate models for the hyperbolic plane 12.3 Geometric surfaces 12.4 The geometry of the universe 12.5 Conclusion 12.6 Further study 12.7 Templates APPENDICES A. Euclid's Book I A.1 Definitions A.2 Postulates A.3 Common Notions A.4 Propositions B. Systems of Axioms for Geometry B.1 Filling in Euclid's gaps B.2 Hilbert's axioms B.3 Birkhoff's axioms B.4 MacLane's axioms B.5 SMSG axioms B.6 UCSMP axioms C. The Postulates Used in this Book C.1 The undefined terms C.2 Neutral postulates C.3 Parallel postulates C.4 Area postulates C.5 The reflection postulate C.6 Logical relationships D. Set Notation and the Real Numbers D.1 Some elementary set theory D.2 Properties of the real numbers D.3 Functions E. The van Hiele Model F. Hints for Selected Exercises Bibliography Index