Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is the clinical technique by which cardiac and respiratory support is provided to patients whose heart and lungs are deemed incapable of maintaining an adequate gas exchange or perfusion, for the sustenance of life. This technology is mostly used in children but also in adults with respiratory and cardiac failure. There are several forms of ECMO. Veno-venous ECMO and veno-arterial ECMO are the common forms. In ECMO, blood is removed from a person's body, the carbon dioxide is removed artificially and the red blood cells are oxygenated. It is performed either after a cardiopulmonary bypass or in the later stages in the treatment of lung or heart failure. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and the recent researches in this domain. The various studies that are constantly contributing towards advancing technologies and evolution of this field are examined in detail. It aims to equip students and experts with the advanced topics and upcoming concepts in this area.