The United States restricts the export of defense items or munitions, certain nuclear materials and technology and items that would assist in the development of nuclear, chemical and biological weapons or the missile technology used to deliver them. U.S. export controls are also used to restrict exports to certain countries on which the United States imposes economic sanctions, such as Cuba, Iran and Syria, and also controls certain exports in adherence to several multilateral non-proliferation control regimes. This book examines the U.S. export control system and the various aspects that have long been criticised by exporters, non-proliferation advocates and other stakeholders as being too rigorous, insufficiently rigorous, obsolete, inefficient or any combination of these descriptions.