Anthony F. Upton's new history of the period leading up to the French Revolution provides both a coherent survey of the main developments and a compelling interpretation of which forces ultimately undercut the European monarchies. Europe 1600-1789 explores the tensions that developed as the laboring poor and the ruling elite remained attached to traditional, self-sustaining communities, while the commercial and financial sectors, pursuing different interests, only supported traditions when it worked to their own benefit. As their interests became increasingly distinct, their conflict with traditional structures of authority became irreconcilable.