This book includes four chapters that detail the generation, control, and practical implications of electron beams in science and industry. Chapter 1 proposes surface radiation sterilization using a low-energy nanosecond electron beam. Chapter 2 emphasizes the peculiarities of the use of nanosecond electron beams (NEB) in radiation chemistry. Chapter 3 analyzes the equipment, technological processes, and methods used in additive electron beam manufacturing of metal components from powder materials. Finally, chapter 4 focuses on the various methods used to influence fuel/air mixtures, including electron beams, external electric fields, and their combined application.