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Designing Small Evaluation Studies

Autor Elizabeth Tipton, Larry V. Hedges
en Limba Engleză Paperback – 10 iul 2025

Notăm cu interes apariția volumului Designing Small Evaluation Studies, o resursă metodologică esențială pentru cercetătorii care activează în mediul academic și în cel al politicilor publice. Relevanța acestei lucrări este critică pentru acreditările profesionale în evaluarea programelor educaționale, oferind soluții tehnice pentru o dilemă clasică: proiectarea unui studiu suficient de mic pentru a fi fezabil, dar destul de robust pentru a genera dovezi clare privind cauzalitatea. Lucrarea semnată de Elizabeth Tipton și Larry V. Hedges acoperă un gol în literatura de specialitate, fiind structurată pentru a ghida cititorul prin complexitatea inferenței cauzale în contextul resurselor limitate. Putem afirma că forța acestui manual rezidă în echilibrul dintre rigoarea statistică și aplicabilitatea practică. Autorii încep cu o fundamentare solidă în analiza validității și a dimensiunii efectului, trecând rapid către designuri experimentale randomizate și, mai ales, către metode non-randomizate. Reținem atenția deosebită acordată tehnicilor de tip „difference-in-difference” și seriilor temporale întrerupte, instrumente vitale atunci când randomizarea totală nu este posibilă. Cititorii familiarizați cu Small-Scale Evaluation de Colin Robson vor aprecia faptul că acest nou volum aduce o profunzime analitică superioară, concentrându-se mai mult pe mecanismele inferenței cauzale și pe modele statistice avansate, spre deosebire de abordarea mai generală a lui Robson. Totodată, spre deosebire de Understanding and Interpreting Educational Research de Ronald C. Martella, care oferă o privire de ansamblu asupra metodelor mixte, volumul de față se specializează strict pe eficacitatea intervențiilor, oferind un set de unelte mult mai bine calibrate pentru cercetarea aplicată. Cele cinci studii de caz integrate oferă un parcurs narativ coerent, transformând conceptele abstracte în bune practici de raportare și analiză.

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Specificații

ISBN-13: 9781071954157
ISBN-10: 1071954156
Pagini: 352
Dimensiuni: 177 x 251 x 20 mm
Greutate: 0.67 kg
Ediția:1
Editura: Sage Publications Inc Ebooks

De ce să citești această carte

Recomandăm această carte cercetătorilor din educație și științe sociale care au nevoie de metode riguroase pentru evaluarea intervențiilor pe eșantioane mici. Cititorul câștigă competențe specifice în utilizarea designurilor cvasi-experimentale și înțelegerea inferenței cauzale. Este un instrument indispensabil pentru cineva care dorește să producă rezultate valide științific fără a dispune de logistica marilor studii naționale.


Descriere

"The book will be an important addition to instruction in designs for causal inference in the field of education. It is long overdue." - Thomas J. Lipscomb, The University of Southern Mississippi This text describes how to design and analyze small efficacy or evaluation studies, typically carried out as part of the development of programs or interventions in areas such as education. The problem facing many researchers is how to design a study that is as small as possible, yet big enough to yield relatively unambiguous evidence about an intervention's average effect. This text begins with an overview of validity, causal inference, statistics, effect sizes, and measurement. The authors then focus on designs for small, randomized trials, followed by a section on non-randomized causal designs: here they focus on three designs most useful for small studies including the non-equivalent control group, difference-in-difference, and interrupted time series designs. The final section summarizes the book, compares designs, discusses approaches to choosing a design, and provides guidance on reporting. Five case examples are used throughout the book to illustrate the material and there is a glossary of terms and concepts.

Notă biografică

Larry V. Hedges is one of eight Board of Trustees Professors at Northwestern, the university's most distinguished academic position. He holds appointments in statistics and data science, psychology, education and social policy, and medical social sciences. Previously, he was the Stella M. Rowley Distinguished Service Professor at the University of Chicago. He received the Yidan Prize in Education Research in 2018 and the José Vasconcelos World Award of Education from the World Culture Council in 2023 He is an elected member of the National Academy of Education and is a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Statistical Association, the American Psychological Association, the Association for Psychological Science, and the American Educational Research Association. He is also a member of the Society for Research on Educational Effectiveness, which established an annual endowed lecture in his honor. He was selected to give the inaugural Hedges Lecture in 2016. Hedges was nominated by President Barack Obama to the Board of Directors of the National Board for Education Sciences, was confirmed by the U.S. Senate in June 2012, and was elected Chair of the Board in 2016. Widely published, he has authored or co-authored 250 journal articles and 13 books including Coe, Waring, Hedges, & Day Ashley, Research Methods and Methodologies in Education, 3rd edition (2021, Sage London). He has also co-directed  research training institutes on research design  funded by the US Institute of Education Sciences, the National Institutes of Health, and the National Science Foundation for the last 20 years.

Cuprins

Preface
About the Author
Chapter 1: Introduction
A. What Is an Intervention?
B. Examples
Section I: Background Concepts
Chapter 2: Introduction to Section I: Is a Small Efficacy Study Right for You?
A. What Is the Logic of An Efficacy Study?
B. How Can This Test Be Operationalized?
C. What About Small Efficacy Studies?
D. What Questions Can't a Small Efficacy Study Answer Well?
E. What Are Other Options?
F. Moving Forward
Chapter 3: Research Design
A. Logic of Inquiry
B. Principles of Research Design
C. Types of Quantitative Research Designs
Questions to Test Your Knowledge
Chapter 4: Validity of Research Designs
A. Causal Inference
B. Internal validity
C. External Validity
D. Statistical Conclusion Validity
E. Construct Validity of Explanation
F. Conclusion
Questions to Test Your Knowledge
Chapter 5: A Brief Review of Statistics
A. Populations and Samples
B. Random Sampling
C. Models and Notations
D. Estimators and Sampling Distributions
E. Statistical Inference
F. Design Sensitivity
G. Design Complexities and Statistical Models
H. Multiple Regression Analysis
I. Multilevel Statistical Models
J. Research Designs
Questions to Test Your Knowledge
Chapter 6: A Brief Review of Measurement
A. What is Measurement?
B. Measurement Theory
C. Outcome Concept Domains
D. Types of Measures
E. Scoring of Measures
F. Choosing an Outcome Measure
Questions to Test Your Knowledge
Chapter 7: Choosing an Appropriate Effect Size
A. What is an Effect Size?
B. Choosing an Effect Size Value
C. Other Measurement and Statistical Considerations
Questions to Test Your Knowledge
Section II: Randomized Designs
Chapter 8: Introduction to Section II: What is Randomization?
A. Randomization
B. Theoretical Objections to Random Assignment
C. Small Efficacy Studies
D. Overview of The Next Four Chapters
Chapter 9: Individually Randomized Designs
A. General Approach
B. Statistical Model and Notation
C. The Statistical Analysis of the Design
D. Design Sensitivity
E. Strategies to Increase Design Sensitivity
F. Examples
G. Conclusions
Questions to Test Your Learning
Appendix
Chapter 10: Multisite Individually Randomized Designs
A. General Approach
B. Statistical Model and Notation
C. Multisite Individually Randomized Designs With Fixed Site Effects
D. Increasing Design Sensitivity
E. Multisite Individually Randomized Designs with Random Site Effects
F. Examples
G. Conclusions
Questions to Test Your Learning
Appendix
Chapter 11: Multisite Cluster Randomized Designs
A. General Approach
B. Statistical Model and Notation
C. Multi-Site Cluster Randomized Design
D. Increasing Design Sensitivity
E. Examples
F. Conclusions
Appendix
Chapter 12: Cluster Randomized Designs
A. General Approach
B. Statistical Model and Analysis
C. Increasing Design Sensitivity
D. Examples
E. Conclusions
Questions to Test Your Learning
Appendix
Section III: Quasi-Experimental Designs
Chapter 13: Intro to Section III: What Is A 'Quasi' Experiment?
A. Threats to Internal Validity in QEDs
B. Why Pre-Post Designs are Not Adequate
C. Statistical Analyses of QEDs
D. QEDs for Small Efficacy Studies
Chapter 14: Nonequivalent Control Group Designs
A. General Approach
B. Statistical Models and Analysis
C. Selection Bias
D. Confounders and Covariate Selection
E. Matching Models
F. Statistical Adjustment Methods
G. Designing a NECD Study
H. Examples
I. Conclusions
Questions to Test Your Learning
Chapter 15: The Difference in Differences Design
A. General Approach
B. Comparisons of Individuals (No Nesting)
C. Multiple Subgroups Within Each Treatment Group
D. Design Sensitivity
E. Strategies to Increase Design Sensitivity
F. Examples
G. Conclusions
Questions to Test Your Learning
Appendix
Chapter 16: Interrupted Time Series Designs
A. General Approach
B. Model and Notation
C. Estimation and Analysis of the Design
D. Design Sensitivity
E. Variants of This Design
F. Conclusions
Questions to Test Your Learning
Appendix
Section IV: Tools and Reporting
Chapter 17: Introduction to Section IV: Tools and Considerations for Practice
A. Principles of Small Efficacy Studies
B. Randomized Designs
C. Quasi-Experimental Designs
D. Tools for Use in the Field
Chapter 18: Choosing a Research Design
A. Know Your Setting
B. Is a Comparison Group Possible?
C. Is Randomization Possible?
D. Can an Adequately Matched Comparison Group Be Formed?
E. Which Designs are Possible?
F. What If None of These Designs Can Be Implemented?
Questions to Test Your Learning
Chapter 19: Worksheets for Comparing Designs
A. Overview of Worksheet 1
B. Overview of Worksheet 2
Chapter 20: Best Practices for Reporting Small Efficacy Study Results
A. Reporting Standards
B. Special Considerations for Small Efficacy Studies
List of Tables and Figures
Glossary
References
Index