Design For Values

Contributor List vii

Acknowledgement viii

1 Technology and Values 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Our Designs Are Value-Laden 2

1.3 Design for Values 3

1.4 Ethics in the 21st Century 7

1.5 Overview of the Book 8

2 Ethics and Design 10

2.1 Values in Design 10

2.2 From Applied Ethics to Ethics by Design 14

2.3 Features of the Design-for-Value Approach 18

2.4 Conclusions 20

3 Design 22

3.1 Introduction: What Is Design? 22

3.2 Analyzing Design Tasks 27

3.3 Developing Responses 29

3.4 Evaluating Responses 31

4 Values 33

4.1 Introduction: What Are Values? 33

4.2 Value Pluralism and Moral Overload 39

4.3 Putting Values in Context 42

5 Design for Values: Analyzing Tasks 50

5.1 Analyzing Design Tasks 50

5.2 Understanding and Framing Design Tasks 59

6 Design for Values: Developing Responses 71

6.1 Detailing: Specification of Values 71

6.2 Multiple Response Directions: Overcoming Moral Overload 75

6.3 Task and Response Coevolution 76

7 Design for Values: Evaluating Responses 85

7.1 Prototyping and Value Testing 85

7.2 Validation 91

7.3 Monitoring and Value Change 93

8 A Case 100

8.1 The Design Task 100

8.2 Investigations: Empathy and Stakeholders 101

8.3 Developing Multiple Responses 101

8.4 Task and Response Coevolution 104

8.5 Moral Overload 104

8.6 Evaluating Responses 105

9 Values Are Design Consequential 107

9.1 The Design Consequentiality of Values 107

9.2 Enabling and Developing Design for Values 112

10 Criticisms, Responses, and Insights 122

10.1 Existing Design Is Already Design for Values 122

10.2 Values Cannot Be Embedded in Design but Depend on Use 123

10.3 Values Are Relative to Place and Culture 125

10.4 Values Are Fundamentally Contested 126

10.5 Design for Values Can Also Be Used for Bad Purposes 128

10.6 Values are not Static Entities but Might Change 129

10.7 Design for Values Is a Technological Fix 130

Some Final Thoughts 133

Bibliography 136