This book discusses the current trends in the field of cytogenetics. It involves the specifics and particulars of the methodologies that can be accepted and used in clinical laboratories. The book discusses the basic methods of cell lines, primary cultures and their usage; array CGH for diagnosis of fetal conditions; micro technologies and automations; use of chromosomes as tools to find biodiversity and usage of digital image technology. It also includes methods to deal with acute lymphoblastic and myeloblastic leukemia in patients and survivors of atomic bomb exposure. While focusing on the advanced practices used in this field and its applications, this book demonstrates the urgency to establish cytogenetic labs with modern and latest equipment. This book will aid in accurate and effective diagnosis which will further benefit patients.