Due to the explosion of technology as well as scientific and parallel computing, faster computers have become available. This development simply means that new optimization algorithms should be introduced to take advantage of these developments. This book provides different avenues for studying algorithms. It also brings new techniques and methodologies to problem solving in Computational Sciences, Engineering, Scientific Computing and Medicine (imaging, radiation therapy). A plethora of problems from diverse disciplines can be converted using mathematical modeling to an equation defined on suitable abstract spaces usually involving the n-dimensional Euclidean space, Hilbert space, Banach Space or even more general spaces. The solution to these equations is sought in a closed form. But this is only possible in special cases. That is why researchers and practitioners must use algorithms as an alternative.