Tracing the international and Australian history of both licit and illicit drug use, this investigation combines the topic of drug use with analyses of political power, the rise of the market, and social issues. It examines the way in which drug consumption is regulated in the era of global free trade by first looking at the start of the opium-growing industry and the racist origins of drug laws. Providing a social history of drug use through the lens of international politics, market forces, medicine, and race, this discussion also considers the paradox of contemporary, white Australian identity and an Australia as a nation of people whose per capita drug consumption often equals and surpasses that of most other nations.