This collection adds to the growing body of scholarship about the longue durée of Western engagement with Chinese learning. We demonstrate how Chinese thought and literature exerted considerable influence on Europe and the Americas in the century preceding the Enlightenment, and continued unabated into the 19th and 20th centuries, playing pivotal roles in the modern transformation of European societies, cultures, and polities. Chapters include case studies of texts, individuals, and national or transnational trends that provide insights into critical issues and inflection points in the trajectory of missionary writings, early professional Sinology, and literary, philosophical, and sociopolitical movements.