The massive release of radioactive material at the Chernobyl accident in 1986 led to widespread radiation exposure, in particular to people evacuated from the settlements near the reactor and workers involved in the clean-up operations, and also to several millons living in contaminated regions in Russia, Belorus and Ukraine. This book provides current research on the Chernobyl disaster. Chapter One provides a comparative analysis and evaluation of different types of countermeasures implemented in the aftermath of the accident at Chernobyl. Chapter Two discusses the artistic treatment of Chernobyl where the problem of apophasia arises. Chapter Three reviews the general tendencies of dynamics of frequencies of congenital malformations in the territories polluted by radioactive Chernobyl radionuclides. Chapter Four discusses the impact of low doses of radiation. Chapter Five provides an overview of the increase of non-cancer morbidity on the Chernobyl radioactively contaminated territories. Chapter Six develops a concept of premature aging development in liquidators in the remote period after the Chernobyl disaster. Chapter Seven discusses the long term consequences of atmospheric tests of nuclear weapons and Chernobyl disaster on the territory of South Bohemia in Czech Republic. Chapter Eight studies the stress adaptation of microscopic fungi from around the Chernobyl atomic energy station. Chapter Nine focuses on perspectives of nuclear safety. The final chapter is a short commentary on the radiation and risk of hematological malignancies in the Chernobyl clean-up workers.