In this book, the current understanding of the mechanisms of each beta cell toxins are reviewed, reported toxin resistant insulinoma or immortalised beta cells are summarised, and the different nature of those toxin resistant cells are analysed. With advancements in cancer stem cell research, the possible involvement of stem cells enrichment after various toxin challenges is also discussed. Moreover, there is a renewed interest in the study of the function of fatty acid synthase (FASN) and fatty-acid synthesis in cancer pathogenesis. This book outlines the role of FASN in cancer development and the pre-clinical development of FASN inhibitors and their anti-tumour effects. In addition, Parkinson disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterised by a progressive loss of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. The authors discuss the roles of oxidative modification of the proteins of mitochondrial respiration in the pathogenesis of PD. Furthermore, it has been currently understood that the key role in the physiological and regenerative restoration of adult tissues belongs to adult stems cells. Adult stem cell survival after the action ionizing radiation, hyperthermia and in the conditions of the "ischemia/reperfusion" reaction development are examined.