The essential components of the human cardiovascular system are the heart, blood, and blood vessels. It includes: pulmonary circulation, a "loop" through the lungs where blood is oxygenated; and systemic circulation, a "loop" through the rest of the body to provide oxygenated blood. In this book, the authors present topical research in the study of the cardiovascular system and its anatomy and physiology, short and long-term effects of exercise and abnormalities. Topics discussed include erythropoietin cell signaling and diseases; cardiovascular morbidities in rheumatoid arthritis and the effects of exercise on cardiac autonomic function; heart rate variability (HRV) assessment of physical training effects on autonomic cardiac control; endoplasmic reticulum stress in cardiovascular disease; and renal sympathetic denervation for resistant hypertension.