At first sight, dental composites and atomic/nuclear surface analysis methods seem to belong to remote, hardly overlapping fields. However, at a closer look certain similar patterns may be evidenced in their evolution. They both were born about half a century ago, but nonetheless they both are driven by unexhausted innovation and continue to develop at high rates. It is therefore not surprising that the applications of these physical analysis techniques in the field of dental composite research during the last decade yielded valuable results. However, the behaviour of dental composites in the oral environment is not fully understood. This book approaches this subject and discusses in great length the future of dental composites.