Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease affecting the entire arterial tree, representing an inflammatory response in the vessels. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis involves complex processes leading to the formation of atherosclerotic plaque. In this book, the authors present current research in the study of the risk factors, prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis. Topics include questioning the cholesterol-atherosclerosis hypothesis; diabetes-associated atherosclerosis and new therapies; the pathogenesis and oxidative mechanisms in atherosclerosis; peripheral arterial vasodilation for primary atherosclerosis prevention; and coronary artery atherosclerosis measured by a hybrid SPECT/CT camera.