In the last century, astronomy, astrophysics, and cosmology have evolved from observational and theoretical pursuits into more experimental science, with many stellar and planetary processes recreated in physics laboratories and extensively studied. This book provides new research in the field of astrophysics. Chapter One provides a review of theoretical and experimental nuclear reaction and decay data for stellar and explosive nucleosynthesis, as well as modern computation tools and methods. Chapter Two provides a brief overview of the Chelyabinsk meteorite which fell over the region of Chelyabinsk city nearby Southern Ural Mountains (West Siberia) on the February 15, 2013. Chapter Three discusses the local entropy equilibrium condition of an ideal gas in a static gravitational field, and its applications to some topics in astrophysics.