An Essential Guide to Cytogenetics explores the use of cytogenetic data for studies of frogs as well as the insights that hypotheses of phylogenetic relationships have added to this issue. The authors provide an overview of PcP190 satellite DNA, sex chromosome systems and B chromosomes found in Anura. This book also aim to establish the health effects of various activities and exposures by examining the levels of exposure and the biological effects resulting from the interaction between the organism and the chemical agent. Following this, a chapter is included which focuses on on the complex karyotype issues in myelodysplastic diseases, leukemias, lymphomas and multiple myelomas as the authors see them in daily practice in their center. The authors investigate hybridization, suggesting that the viability of a hybrid between species with a chromosomal discrepancy may offer important hypotheses to explain the morphological, molecular, and cytogenetic diversity of the genus. Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome is analyzed, suggesting that in cases of cytogenetically-invisible alterations, parental FISH analysis as well as aCGH should be considered as part of the clinical baseline testing.