In response to a congressional request in 2005, the National Academies gathered a group of business, government, and academic leaders to identify steps the leaders thought would ensure that the United States is a leader in science and engineering and can compete, prosper, and be secure in the twenty-first century. The resulting 2007 report, entitled Rising above the Gathering Storm: Energizing and Employing America for a Brighter Economic Future, recommended a number of specific actions to address these goals.