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AI Data Center Network Design and Technologies

Autor Mahesh Subramaniam, Michal Styszynski, Himanshu Tambakuwala
en Limba Engleză Paperback – 25 ian 2026
Artificial intelligence is redefining the scale, architecture, and performance expectations of modern data centers. Training large ML models demand infrastructure capable of moving massive data sets through highly parallel, compute-intensive environmentswhere traditional data center designs simply cant keep up. AI Data Center Network Design and Technologies is the first comprehensive, vendor-agnostic guide to the design principles, architectures, and technologies that power AI training and inference clusters. Written by leading experts in AI Data center design, this book helps engineers, architects, and technology leaders understand how to design and scale networks purpose-built for the AI era. INSIDE, YOULL LEARN HOW TO Architect scalable, high-radix network fabrics to support xPU (GPE, TPU)-based AI clusters Integrate lossless Ethernet/IP fabrics for high-throughput, low-latency data movement Align network design with AI/ML workload characteristics and server architectures Address challenges in cooling, power, and interconnect design for AI-scale computing Evaluate emerging technologies from the Ultra Ethernet Consortium (UEC) and their affect on future AI data centers Apply best practices for deployment, validation, and performance measurement in AI/ML environments With broad coverage of both foundational concepts and emerging innovations, this book bridges the gap between network engineering and AI infrastructure design. It empowers readers to understand not only how AI data centers workbut why they must evolve.
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Specificații

ISBN-13: 9780135436288
ISBN-10: 0135436281
Pagini: 384
Dimensiuni: 195 x 235 x 21 mm
Greutate: 0.73 kg
Ediția:1. Auflage
Editura: Pearson International

Notă biografică

Mahesh Subramaniam is a proven leader in AI data centers and next-generation networking technologies. He played a key role in defining the advanced software roadmap for AI fabrics, which are now deployed in production networks across various AI data centers worldwide. As the Senior Director of Product Management for AI Data Centers at HPE Juniper Networks, he leads cutting-edge innovations in AI infrastructure and cloud-scale solutions, optimized for both scale-up and scale-out architectures. Mahesh is also an inventor with several technology patents and a recognized speaker at global forums, including the UEC Summit, OCP, and Tokyo MPLS forum. His work has earned him accolades, including the CEO Excellence Award, the Record High Business Award, and the Star Award for the Cloud DC Reference Architecture. With a remarkable history in the networking industry, Mahesh has a strong track record of leading products and managing technical and business strategies across cross-functional teams. Michal Styszynski is a Product Management Director in the Data Center Networks Business Unit (DC BU) at HPE Juniper Networking. Michal has been with Juniper Networks for more than 13 years. Before his current role, he was a Technical Marketing Engineer (TME) in the DC BU and a Technical Solution Consultant at Juniper. In these roles, he handled data center projects for large-scale enterprises and federal networks and worked closely with Tier 2 cloud and telco-cloud service providers. Before joining Juniper, he spent around 10 years working at Orange, FT R&D, and TPSA Polpak engineering. Michal graduated from the Electronics & Telecommunications department at Wroclaw University of Science & Technology with a masters degree in engineering. He also holds an MBA from Paris Sorbonne Business School and is a JNCIE-DC#523, as well as PEC, PLC, and PMC certified from the Product School in San Francisco. Himanshu Tambakuwala is a highly accomplished networking expert and certified technical architect whose experience spans the entire product lifecycle[md]from hands-on engineering to product strategy. He is a JNCIE holder in Data Center and Service Provider technologies and an inventor with four granted technology patents and two additional patents currently filed. As a Product Manager at Juniper Networks, Himanshu was instrumental in defining the feature roadmap for network fabrics that power cutting-edge AI/ML data centers.

Cuprins

    Foreword.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
    Preface.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
    Acknowledgments.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix
    About the Authors.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi
1 Wonders in the Workload. . . . . . . . . . . . 1
    Whats New in AI Data Center Workloads.. . . . . . . . 1
    The Life Cycle of an AI Model.. . . . . . . . . . . 2
        Training an AI Model. . . . . . . . . . . . 3
    Parallelism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
    Job Completion Time (JCT). . . . . . . . . . . 6
    Tail Latency.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
    Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
    Test Your Knowledge. . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2 The Common-Man View of AI Data Center Fabrics.. . . . . 19
    Training vs. Inference AI Data Centers. . . . . . . . . 19
    InfiniBand vs. Ethernet for AI Training Data Centers.. . . . . . 21
    Ethernet Hardware Switches and Advanced Software Features.. . . . 22
    Handling Elephant Flows.. . . . . . . . . . . 24
    Load-Balancing Techniques. . . . . . . . . . . 25
    Congestion Management and Mitigation Techniques.. . . . . . 26
    Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
    Test Your Knowledge. . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3 Network Design Considerations. . . . . . . . . . 31
    Background Introduction.. . . . . . . . . . . 31
    Training Data Center Architecture. . . . . . . . . . 33
    Rail-Optimized Design (ROD).. . . . . . . . . . 34
    Rail-Unified Design (RUD).. . . . . . . . . . . 42
    Rack Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
    Scheduled Fabric. . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
    Topologies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
    Inference Data Center Architecture. . . . . . . . . 56
    Multi-Planar Scale-Out Architectures.. . . . . . . . . 56
    Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
    Test Your Knowledge. . . . . . . . . . . . 64
    References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
4 Optics and Cable Management.. . . . . . . . . . 67
    Scaling Optics for AI Clusters.. . . . . . . . . . 67
    Challenges in Optical Innovation.. . . . . . . . . . 70
    Packet Flow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
    Transmission Modes.. . . . . . . . . . . . 73
    Transceiver Types.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
    Cable and Connector Types. . . . . . . . . . . 78
    Standards.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
    Further Innovations in Optics.. . . . . . . . . . 82
    Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
    Test Your Knowledge. . . . . . . . . . . . 85
    References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
5 Thermal and Power Efficiency Considerations. . . . . . . 87
    Thermal Footprints in AI Data Centers.. . . . . . . . . 87
    Airflow Options. . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
    Liquid Cooling. . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
    Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
    Test Your Knowledge. . . . . . . . . . . . 94
    References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
6 Efficient Load Balancing. . . . . . . . . . . . 97
    Per-Flow Load Balancing. . . . . . . . . . . 99
    Per-Packet Load Balancing.. . . . . . . . . . . 115
    Load-Balancing Mechanism Comparison.. . . . . . . . 117
    Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
    Test Your Knowledge. . . . . . . . . . . . 119
7 RoCEv2 Transport and Congestion Management.. . . . . . 123
    Congestion Points. . . . . . . . . . . . 123
    Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN).. . . . . . . . 127
    Data Center Quantized Congestion Notification (DCQCN).. . . . . 134
    Source Flow Control (SFC). . . . . . . . . . . 136
    Congestion Signaling.. . . . . . . . . . . . 137
    Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
    Test Your Knowledge. . . . . . . . . . . . 140
8 IP Routing for AI/ML Fabrics.. . . . . . . . . . 143
    Dynamic IP Routing Options. . . . . . . . . . 144
    eBGP Underlay for Three-Stage/Five-Stage Fabric for an AI Data Center.. . 145
    Multi-tenancy for an AI/ML Cluster Data Center Network. . . . . 171
    Microsegmentation and Multi-tenancy for an AI/ML Data Center.. . . 177
    Extending IP Routing to the Server. . . . . . . . . 177
    Traffic Engineering in the AI Data Center Fabric.. . . . . . . 178
    Segment Routing and SRv6 for AI/ML Fabrics. . . . . . . 179
    Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
    Test Your Knowledge. . . . . . . . . . . . 185
    References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
9 Storage Network Design and Technologies.. . . . . . . 189
    The AI Data Center Life Cycle and Storage Networks.. . . . . . 191
    Storage Network Design Types. . . . . . . . . . 193
    Block, Object, and File Storage Systems.. . . . . . . . 198
    NVMe-oF for Block-Level Access.. . . . . . . . . . 199
    NVMe-o-RDMA/RoCEv2 State Machine. . . . . . . . 206
    High-Performance File Systems. . . . . . . . . . 208
    GPUDirect Storage.. . . . . . . . . . . . 211
    Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
    Test Your Knowledge. . . . . . . . . . . . 218
    References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
10 AI Network Performance KPIs. . . . . . . . . . 221
    Significance of Performance Benchmarking. . . . . . . 221
    MLCommons for AI Data Centers.. . . . . . . . . 223
    MLCommons Initiatives. . . . . . . . . . . 224
    MLCommons Benchmarking Suites.. . . . . . . . . 224
    Benchmarking a Data Center for Machine Learning. . . . . . 225
    Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
    Test Your Knowledge. . . . . . . . . . . . 227
    References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
11 Monitoring and Telemetry.. . . . . . . . . . . 229
    Exploring Monitoring Options.. . . . . . . . . . 229
    Network Monitoring in an AI/ML Data Center Network.. . . . . 231
    In-Band Flow Analyzer (IFA). . . . . . . . . . . 234
    Corrective Actions. . . . . . . . . . . . 237
    Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
    Reference.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
12 Ultra Ethernet Consortium (UEC). . . . . . . . . 239
    UEC Developments and Working Groups.. . . . . . . . 241
    UEC Key Terminology.. . . . . . . . . . . . 244
    The UEC and Network Architectures. . . . . . . . . 246
    A New Protocol Stack.. . . . . . . . . . . . 247
    Data Plan: Packet Forwarding Options.. . . . . . . . 252
    Packet Delivery Modes.. . . . . . . . . . . 257
    Congestion Management (CM) in the UEC Specification.. . . . . 261
    Packet Trimming and Fast Retransmissions. . . . . . . . 264
    Link Layer Reliability (LLR) Mechanism.. . . . . . . . 265
    In-Network Collectives (INC) and xCCL.. . . . . . . . 266
    Management and Orchestration. . . . . . . . . . 268
    Interoperability and Backward Compatibility.. . . . . . . 269
    Compliance and Certification.. . . . . . . . . . 269
    UEC Challenges and Future Directions.. . . . . . . . 269
    Comparing UEC to InfiniBand and RoCEv2. . . . . . . . 270
    Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
    Test Your Knowledge. . . . . . . . . . . . 272
    References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
13 Scale-Up Systems.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
    Key Building Blocks of Scale-Up Systems.. . . . . . . . 278
    Scale-Up Ethernet Transport (SUE-T). . . . . . . . . 281
    Ultra Accelerator Link (UALink).. . . . . . . . . . 286
    Memory Coherence in Scale-Up Systems.. . . . . . . . 291
    Scale-Up Systems: Key Differences and Similarities.. . . . . . 292
    Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
    Test Your Knowledge. . . . . . . . . . . . 295
    References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
14 Conclusion.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
    DC Network Role for AI.. . . . . . . . . . . 299
    Caveats and Challenges.. . . . . . . . . . . 300
    Future Developments.. . . . . . . . . . . . 302
    Final Remarks.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
    References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Appendix A Questions and Answers.. . . . . . . . . . 307
Appendix B Acronyms.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
 
9780135436288, TOC, 1/8/2026