In this book, the authors present current research in the study of the health benefits, types and common misconceptions relating to aerobic exercise. Topics discussed include the efficacy of aerobic exercise to induce neuroprotection in neurodegenerative diseases; the role of aerobic exercise in cardiopulmonary health and rehabilitation; moderate exercise as an adjuvant therapy for treatment-resistant major depressive disorder; the vascular endothelium as a conduit by which aerobic exercise reduces cardiovascular disease risk; exercise intensity in different exercise modes; and the clinical effects of aquatic therapeutic exercise on osteoarthritis of the lower limb.