This book presents an overview on latest advancements in the study and research of ionic liquids. Ionic liquids are a rapidly evolving field of study in physical chemistry, material science, technology and engineering. Use of ionic liquids for research in biology and natural resource domain has received significant attention. This book presents updated scientific developments in theoretical, specific and applied domains of ionic liquid. It encompasses the latest developments in ionic liquid research on basic properties, energy, fuels and biomass conversion. It is a valuable source of information for scientists, engineers and academicians engaged in the research related to ionic liquids.