EPIDEMIOLOGY IS ABOUT MASTERING THE CONCEPT OF CONFOUNDING. Applying multiple queue, this 404-page textbook describes and tests a variety of approaches that facilitate the predictive and construct vigor of comorbidity studies perteining various designs: inverse variance methods, hierarchical models, Markov chain Monte Carlo iterates, stochastic compartmental simulations, or 3D reasoning. The methodology chapter is followed by the author's 15 meta-studies. The former edition (1st) of this book is available with a lower price (under ISBN: 978-1493553013) and includes 12 meta-studies.